Cyclic deposits, limestone and shale with minor sandstone and coal. Sioux Quartzite (Lower Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area. Pink and reddish to tan, siliceous, fine- to coarse-grained, iron-stained orthoquartzite with minor metamorphosed conglomerate and mudstone layers. Estimated thickness greater than 1,000 ft (305 m).Grade 1 – Very hard rock (basalt, diabase) Grade 2 – Hard rock (granite, gneiss) Grade 3 – Medium hard rock (quartzite, pebble) Grade 4 – Soft Rock (limestone) Many types of rocks: granite, basalt, rhyolite, limestone, shale, sandstone, travertine, gneiss, quartzite and marble are widely used as construction materials.Shales are often found with layers of sandstone or.In the Sylhet Trough, the ~17 km-thick Eocene–Recent sedimentary succession (Fig. 2) had been deposited in response to the uplift and erosion of the Himalaya (Hiller & Elahi, 1984).The deltaic-to-shallow marine Surma Group of Miocene age contains the sandstone reservoirs of the Bengal Basin (Rahman et al., 2011).The sedimentary …Only five rock types-sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite-were sufficiently numer- ous for calculation of relative frequency polygons. (curves) ...Limestone, rock made of the calcium carbonate mineral known as calcite, can form in a variety of depositional environments, from hot spring deposits in lakes to coral reefs in the tropical oceans.The Pottsville Formation consists of a gray conglomerate, fine to coarse grained sandstone, and is known to contain limestone, siltstone and shale, as well as anthracite and bituminous coal. [4] [5] It is considered a classic orogenic molasse. [6] The formation was first described from a railroad cut south of Pottsville, Pennsylvania.Geology: The St. Peter Sandstone is generally a massive bedded, medium- to fine-grained, well- rounded, friable, white sandstone. A few minor beds of shale, limestone, and/or dolostones have been noted in places. The cement is commonly calcite often with single crystals incorporating hundreds to thousands of sand grains.The Pine Butte Member (new) of south central WY is equivalent to about the lower 30 ft of the Redwater Shale Member as defined by Imlay (1947) at Spearfish, Lawrence Co, SD, and the Windy Hill Sandstone Member (new) of south central WY correlates with a yellowish-gray sandstone bed at least 5 ft thick overlying the Redwater Shale Member as defined by Imlay (1947) near Spearfish, SD.The significant facts that could be determined are as follows: the shales between limestone formations are in part green or red; chert is present in the Wreford limestone in all three sections, although it is sparse in section 2; and shale is a prominent part of the Wreford limestone in the subsurface, although it can be correlated only roughly ...Alabaster. Alabaster is a common name, not a geological name, for massive gypsum rock. It …Shale forms via compaction from particles in slow or quiet water, such as river deltas, lakes, swamps, or the ocean floor. Heavier particles sink and form sandstone and limestone, while clay and fine …Sandstone is a sedimentary rock formed from sand-sized mineral particles, while shale is formed from clay or silt-sized particles. Sandstone has a coarser texture and is more porous than shale, with a fine, laminated texture. Shale is more prone to breaking along its layers due to its fine-grained composition, whereas sandstone is more ...20 Eyl 2023 ... ... shale-type s. ... Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains ...Jun 17, 2023 · Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary widely, but ... 4, 2, 3, 1. Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and. (4) a dull slate with cleavage. What is the order of these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?shale, limestone, and sandstone exposed in the Brazos River Valley; (3) Strawn, including the strata, chiefly shale and sandstone, between the first coal and the base of the massive limestones of the succeeding division; (4) Canyon, the dominantly limestone division in …Shale oil is a vital alternative energy source for oil and gas and has recently received an extensive attention. Characterization of the shale oil content provides an important guiding significance for resource potential evaluation, sweet spot prediction, and development of shale oil. In this paper, the mechanism, evaluation and influencing factors of oil retention …Winnipeg Formation (Ordovician)- Grat and light-green, fissile shale, and tan, calcareous siltstone, sandy shale, and limestone lenses. Thickness up to 110 ft (34 m). Deadwood Formation (Ordovician to Cambrian)- Variegated, yellow to red, brown, gray, and green, glauconitic, conglomerate, sandstone, shale, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite.Sandstone, siltstone, silty shale, claystone, clayey shale, coal, and sandstone-limestone-shale pebble conglomerate (in order of decreasing volume) constitute the Ireland. Tan subangular to subrounded quartz sand and silt particles and flakes of mica, cemented by both calcium carbonate and silica, form the sandstone.Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary …The hardness of Limestone is 3-4 and that of Shale is 3. The types of Limestone are Chalk, Coquina, Fossiliferous Limestone, Lithographic Limestone, Oolitic Limestone, Travertine, Tufa whereas types of Shale are Red Shale, Black Shale, Green Shale, Grey Shale and Yellow Shale. Streak of rock is the color of powder produced when it is dragged ...CLINTON- Limestone, limestone and shale interbedded, and sandstone; thickness, about 900 feet; one outlier is shown in southern part of quadrangle. Simpson and lower units are covered. LAWTON- Limestone, interbedded limestone and shale, and sandstone; thickness about 900 feet (270 m), faulted in isolated areas, top eroded, base covered.Shale, marble, mudstone, slate and well-packed sandstone are all examples of impermeable rocks, which means that water cannot easily pass through them. A large number of metamorphic and igneous rocks are impermeable, as long as they are not...Pure rock is light-colored. An outcrop of Silurian limestone in Saaremaa, Estonia. Stevns Klint in Denmark is a world-famous K-T boundary. It is composed of bryozoan limestone (upper part) and chalk (lower) which are both types of limestone. These layers are separated by a narrow layer of clayish material which formed 65 million years ago.Answer to: Which would not be an example of a Clastic Sedimentary rock? a. Sandstone b. Shale c. Conglomerate d. Limestone By signing up, you'll...Shale, Sandstone, and Limestone are all sedimentary rocks. Basalt is an Igneous rock. Shale and Sandstone are both clastic sedimentary rocks which means they come from the "pieces" or remains of ...Red-brown shale and sandstone, buff to orange quartzite, limestone, basalt, black shale, and sparse conglomerate. This unit includes the Grand Canyon Supergroup, Apache Group, and Troy Quartzite. These rocks were deposited in shallow marine, coastal nonmarine, and fluvial settings. (700-1300) Limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone form the surface rocks in northwestern Ohio, through central Ohio and along the Lake Erie shore. Economic Products. Crushed stone for construction and cement, and aglime (limestone & dolomite). Synfuels and natural gas (from shale, sandstone, limestone). Mississippian Period (359–318 mya) Geologic Setting We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.a) sedimentary, with limestone, shale, sandstone, and dolostone. b) sedimentary, with limestone, shale, sandstone, and conglomerate. c) metamorphic, with quartzite, dolostone, marble, and schist. To play games using the questions from above, visit ReviewGameZone.com and enter game ID number: 55022 in the upper right hand corner or click here. The geologist's map reveals that the rocks are sandstone in one area, grading into shale in an adjacent area, and then grading into limestone. What can she ...4, 2, 3, 1. Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and. (4) a dull slate with cleavage. What is the order of these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade? 4, 2, 3, 1. Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and. (4) a dull slate with cleavage. What is the order of these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?Limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone form the surface rocks in northwestern Ohio, through central Ohio and along the Lake Erie shore. Economic Products. Crushed stone for construction and cement, and aglime (limestone & dolomite). Synfuels and natural gas (from shale, sandstone, limestone). Mississippian Period (359–318 mya) Geologic Setting"The two basic rocks found in the Mammoth Cave area are limestone and sandstone. Limestone is the "soft" rock (more water soluble) that is dissolved more easily by water. Sandstone and shale are ...Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediment, such as sand, mud, or organic material, which can entomb and preserve fossils over time. Examples of sedimentary rocks where fossils are commonly found include limestone, shale, and sandstone.The second section is a composite near St. George, UT where the Kaibab is 957 ft thick, and composed of a basal yellow gypsiferous sandstone and thin-bedded arenaceous limestone unit overlain in sequence by massive, cherty gray limestone, slope-forming gypsum, red shale, and a breccia of limestone and chert, massive, fine-grained, cherty, gray ... Sandstone: Clastic: Siltstone: Clastic: Shale: Clastic: Rock salt: Chemical precipitate: Rock gypsum: Chemical precipitate: Dolostone: Chemical precipitate: Limestone: Bioclastic (sediments from organic materials, or plant or animal remains) Coal: OrganicThis shift of the shoreline is reflected in the Tapeats Sandstone beach facies, Bright Angle Shale near-offshore mud facies, and Muav Limestone far-offshore facies. Marine organisms had plenty of time to evolve and adapt to their slowly changing environment; these changes are reflected in the biological facies, which show older life forms in ...1. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from the buildup of clatics: small pieces of fragmented rocks deposited as a result of mechanical weathering then lithified by compaction and cementation. Examples of Clastic sedimentary rocks include sandstone, shale, siltstone, and breccias. 2.Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary …Orthoquartzitic sandstone with minor limestone, shale and conglomerate; includes Glenwood and St. Peter Formations. Chengwatana Volcanic Group (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers 3 % of this area. Gray basalt flows, interflow breccia, tuff, and minor sedimentary rocks.principal sedimentary types --shale, sandstone, and limestone. Shale is the consolidated equivalent of silt and clay; sandstone is the equivalent of sand; and limestone is the equivalent of lime muds and the accumulated hard parts of animals and plants. The hard parts, Or fossi Zs, are the preserved remains of ancient living animals and plants.Wolsey shale is 368 feet thick; underlies Meagher limestone, and overlies Flathead quartzite. Upper half of unit is interbedded gray argillaceous limestone and greenish- and yellowish-gray calcareous mudstone and shale; lower half is greenish-gray and drab shale with some interbeds of sandstone and limestone; many beds micaceous, some glauconitic.Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary …The most common sedimentary rocks include limestone, shale, and sandstone. Limestone is typically an amalgamation of calcareous material and calcium carbonate minerals. Due to its solubility in water and light acid, limestone bedrock can turn into karst topography over years of erosion. Shale,Gostaríamos de exibir a descriçãoaqui, mas o site que você está não nos permite.(sandstone and shale of Bernoulli et al., 1990): 47 m (154 ft) of gray-green shale, and thin-bedded green, fine-grained quartz arenites and silts; and: Unit 1: (turbiditic calcarenites and shale of Bernoulli et al., 1990): 100 m (328 ft) of shale with thin, subordinate, fine-grained, turbiditic limestone. ... This stratum is a coal series stratum composed of shale, …Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons. rocks including glacial conglomerate, sandstone, shale, chalk, ...Usually, this happens at a convergent tectonic plate boundary, but some marble forms when hot magma heats limestone or dolomite. The heat or pressure recrystallizes calcite in the rock, changing its texture. Is shale a sedimentary rock? Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale.Find the perfect sandstone and limestone rock formations stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.Interval includes Sweetland Creek Shale in southeast Iowa, and “Amana beds” of Iowa County. Lime Creek Fm onlaps eroded Ordovician surface in northwestern Iowa. Primary Lithologies: shale, gray to green-gray, dolomitic to calcareous; limestone, variably argillaceous, fossiliferous, part biostromal; dolomite, variably argillaceous, part ...Diatomite is a sedimentary rock with many uses. It is made up of the siliceous skeletal remains of diatoms, which are tiny single-celled algae. Diatomite is crushed into a powder known as "diatomaceous earth". It is lightweight, porous, relatively inert, and has a small particle size along with a large surface area. Aug 11, 2023 · Best Answer. Copy. They are all sedimentary rocks. Limestone is formed from calcium-rich sediments, such as deposits of deceased shellfish, shale forms from clay and/or silt and sandstone forms ... Pg. 48. Hermosa formation. Tbe upper part is a complex of shales with occasional limestones; middle part is many bands of massive dark-gray limestone, often highly fossiliferous, alternating with sandstones and conglomerates; lower part is greenish-gray sandstones and shales, the latter sometimes nearly black.Zhang and Liao compared and explained the differences in measured shear strength parameters from the perspective of the M–C criterion strength theory by conducting a series of DS and TC tests on six types of rock (coarse-grained sandstone, medium-grained sandstone, fine-grained sandstone, limestone, shale and coal).Geology: The formation is predominantly shale with small amounts of siltstone, silty to conglomeratic sandstone, limestone, and glossy black chert. The shale is mostly gray-black, but thin layers of olive-gray silty shale or siltstone are interbedded with the darker shales in some sequences. Limestone is made up of calcium carbonate (fizzes with acid). This may be shell fragments, mud, or small, round ooliths that form in tropical lagoons. Chalk is a soft white limestone made from the microscopic skeletons of marine plankton. The limestone, shale, sandstone, and underlying volcanic rocks folded upward into the ridges and mountains that now form the Appalachian Mountains in North America and the Atlas Mountains in Africa. Range of High Mountains. After 100 million years or so of collisions, the Appalachians grew to elevations possibly as high as 20,000 feet above sea ...Oct 9, 2019 · Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate typically derived from the remains of fossil animal shells. ThoughtCo / Andrew Alden Limestone is usually made of the tiny calcite skeletons of microscopic organisms that once lived in shallow seas. It dissolves in rainwater more easily than other rocks. Gypsum Limestone Sandstone Granite Limestone Stanstone Rhyolite shale Scenario 3 (30 points) Youngest Gray Shall White Stone Andesite Pink Rhyolite Tan Limestone White Limestone Arkose Green Shale Rhyolite Gray sandstone Black stone Sandstone BrownInterbedded sandstone, shale, and limestone usually characterized by ledgy outcrops. Orange to reddish sandstone forms cliffs near Sedona. This unit includes Supai Group and Hermit Shale in northern Arizona and Naco Group in southern Arizona. It was deposited in coastal-plain to shallow-marine settings during time of variable and changing sea ...Sandstone with some dolomite and shale, undivided; includes Trempealeau, Tunnel City, and Elk Mound Formations Sinnipee Group (Ordovician) at surface, covers 8 % of this area Dolomite with some limestone and shale; includes Galena, Decorah, and Platteville FormationsSandstone with some dolomite and shale, undivided; includes Trempealeau, Tunnel City, and Elk Mound Formations Sinnipee Group (Ordovician) at surface, covers 8 % of this area Dolomite with some limestone and shale; includes Galena, Decorah, and Platteville Formations Gostaríamos de exibir a descriçãoaqui, mas o site que você está não nos permite.shale, limestone, and sandstone exposed in the Brazos River Valley; (3) Strawn, including the strata, chiefly shale and sandstone, between the first coal and the base of the massive limestones of the succeeding division; (4) Canyon, the dominantly limestone division in …This shift of the shoreline is reflected in the Tapeats Sandstone beach facies, Bright Angle Shale near-offshore mud facies, and Muav Limestone far-offshore facies. Marine organisms had plenty of time to evolve and adapt to their slowly changing environment; these changes are reflected in the biological facies, which show older life forms in ... Interbedded sandstone, shale, and limestone usually characterized by ledgy outcrops. Orange to reddish sandstone forms cliffs near Sedona. This unit includes Supai Group and Hermit Shale in northern Arizona and Naco Group in southern Arizona. It was deposited in coastal-plain to shallow-marine settings during time of variable and changing sea ...10 Mar 2023 ... Discover the differences between sandstone and limestone and explore their unique characteristics, applications, and benefits in this ...Mauch Chunk Formation (Mississippian) at surface, covers 3 % of this area. Grayish-red shale, siltstone, sandstone, and some conglomerate; some local nonred zones. Includes Loyalhanna Member (crossbedded, sandy limestone) at base in south-central and southwestern Pennsylvania; also includes Greenbrier Limestone Member, and Wymps …Elegance: both limestone and sandstone have a matt, neutral tone appearance, which makes them ideal to combine with darker materials. Different applications: they offer endless possibilities as both a decorating and building material. They are suitable for both indoors as well as outdoor areas. Manageable: Due to their sedimentary nature, they ...Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20-25% of all sedimentary rocks. [1] Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface.Fossils, the preserved remains of animal and plant life, are mostly found embedded in sedimentary rocks. Of the sedimentary rocks, most fossils occur in shale, limestone and sandstone. Earth contains three types of rocks: metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary. With rare exceptions, metamorphic and igneous rocks undergo too much heat and pressure ...The near-surface geology of Kentucky comprises primarily flat-lying limestone, shale, sandstone, siltstone, dolostone, and coal ranging in age from Ordovician to Pennsylvanian (McDowell, 1986; McFarlan, 1943). Each of these rock types contains different combinations of constituent minerals, some of which contain trace amounts of …given by Barrell (1914) as: shale, 8.2 percent; sandstone, 14.8 per cent; limestone, 5.3 percent; and all sedimentary rocks, 8.5 percent. Additional data since the publication of …shale; sandstone; limestone; quartzite; limestone. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern . aquitard; permeability; porosity; aquifer; aquitard. ... Limestone with solution channels and caverns; Slightly clayey sand. One environmental problem associated with groundwater is land subsidence caused by withdrawal. T or F? true. How do stalactites …Strong acids can however damage sandstone. Water Absorption - Though Sandstone is slightly more porous and absorbs more water than limestone, both are water-resistant. With the treatments and sealants applied to the surface, Sandstone too remains unaffected by water. Limestone and Sandstone can be used around pools or wet places.This shift of the shoreline is reflected in the Tapeats Sandstone beach facies, Bright Angle Shale near-offshore mud facies, and Muav Limestone far-offshore facies. Marine organisms had plenty of time to evolve and adapt to their slowly changing environment; these changes are reflected in the biological facies, which show older life forms in ...Red-brown shale and sandstone, buff to orange quartzite, limestone, basalt, black shale, and sparse conglomerate. This unit includes the Grand Canyon Supergroup, Apache Group, and Troy Quartzite. These rocks were deposited in shallow marine, coastal nonmarine, and fluvial settings. (700-1300)Sandstone, air in pores 20 Sandstone, water in pores - 22 Shale, water in pores 24 Shale, air in pores 26 Soils, air in pores - - ~ 28 ... given for the common igneous and metamorphic rocks and for sedimentary sandstone, shale, and limestone and summary data are given for other less-common rocks. Specific heats for rocks can be obtained from data onThe Pilot Shale is generally recognized as carbonaceous shale, overlain by the cliff-forming Joana Limestone. Siliciclastic quartz-bearing grit, chert, quartz sand, and siltstone in a calcareous matrix become increasingly common as the section turns into the Chainman Shale and other equivalent siliciclastic rocks.Bed 1 Sandstone recovered: chert cemented 1.0 130.0 Fine grained sand/extremely hard ... The proper identification of the limestone lithologies between ~750.5 feet and 765 feet is uncertain to me but could possibly be correlated with the Gosport/Clinchfield interval of Alabama and Georgia and, therefore, ...
1) Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and shale, that are formed from mechanical weathering debris; ... limestone formed from the .... Demaris harvey movies on tubi
Points 1 and 5 are in shale zones, even though they plot as dolomite. They are shale reference points for this interval of the log. Stratigraphic knowledge critical to interpretation. The density-neutron crossplot helps determine lithology of oil- or water-filled formations that are pure lithologies like sandstone, limestone, or dolomite.Alabaster. Alabaster is a common name, not a geological name, for massive gypsum rock. It …Cement is limestone that is processed at high temperature with shale, sandstone, and iron. (Cement when mixed with water and crushed rock or sand and gravel becomes concrete.) In 2004, U.S. companies produced 105 million tons of cement worth about $8 billion and the concrete made from the cement was worth about $45 billion.Feb 20, 2022 · Grand Canyon’s oldest trilobites are found in the Tonto Group, which is between 525 and 505 million years old. It includes the Tapeats Sandstone, Bright Angel Shale, and Muav Limestone. These fossils are arthropods, or joint-footed animals, with a segmented body of hinged plates and shields. Geology: The St. Peter Sandstone is generally a massive bedded, medium- to fine-grained, well- rounded, friable, white sandstone. A few minor beds of shale, limestone, and/or dolostones have been noted in places. The …calcite well-sorted sandstone (e.g. orthoquartzite, arkose),Pellant p. 228-229 dolomite greywacke sandstone Pellant p. 229 clay siltstone hematite shale (Pellant p. 231) limonite mudstone (Pellant p. 231) gypsum limestone (Pellant p. 233-240) dolomite coquina chert (Pellant p. 246) chalk (Pellant p. 237) diatomite coal (Pellant p. 244)Additionally, Bonneterre rocks are important because a large amount of the state’s lead has been mined from these rocks. The third layer of sediment to be deposited is the Davis formation, which due to frequent minor sea level changes, contains alternating layers of limestone, shale, and sandstone.Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary …Fossils, the preserved remains of animal and plant life, are mostly found embedded in sedimentary rocks. Of the sedimentary rocks, most fossils occur in shale, limestone and sandstone. Earth contains three types of rocks: metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary. With rare exceptions, metamorphic and igneous rocks undergo too much …CLINTON- Limestone, limestone and shale interbedded, and sandstone; thickness, about 900 feet; one outlier is shown in southern part of quadrangle. Simpson and lower units are covered. LAWTON- Limestone, interbedded limestone and shale, and sandstone; thickness about 900 feet (270 m), faulted in isolated areas, top eroded, base covered.Physical features of the Appalachian Plateau include coalfield sites, sandstone bluffs, sedimentary rocks and black shale. The Plateau is of great economic significance due to the coalfields in the area.Shale limestone sandstone What is the Difference Between Sandstone and Shale Rocks of Mammoth Cave - U.S. National Park Service Limestone vs Shale - Compare ...Jan 19, 2007 · Shale, green, flaky, with Death Canyon Limestone Member composed of about 300 feet of hard cliff-forming limestone in middle; marine. North and west flanks of Teton Range and Gros Ventre Mountains. Flathead Sandstone: 175-200: Sandstone, reddish-brown, very hard, brittle; partly marine. North and west flanks of Teton Range and Gros Ventre ... Hard rocks such as sandstone and limestone tend to form deep canyons and steep cliffs. Softer rocks such as shale erode into wider valleys with more gentle slopes. In places like the Grand Canyon, you can recognize the high cliffs formed from sandstone and limestone and the broad slopes formed by layers of shale..