Key Takeaways. Richter Scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake, while Mercalli Scale measures the intensity of an earthquake at a specific location. Richter Scale is calculated based on the seismic waves generated by an earthquake, while the effects of an earthquake on people, structures, and the environment determine Mercalli …Caltech's Charles Richter conceptualized magnitude. He developed a method to numerically report the relative sizes of earthquakes before earthquake magnitude could be measured directly. He described the first magnitude scale, which came to be known as the Richter scale, in a paper published in 1935.he Richter scale magnitude, R, of an earthquake of intensity I is defined as R=log(I/I0),where I0 is a small threshold intensity. Find the magnitude of an earthquake with intensity 50,000,000I0. If the answer is not an integer enter it a a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth if neededMercalli Intensity Scale. Earthquakes are described in terms of what nearby residents felt and the damage that was done to nearby structures. Richter magnitude scale. Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter, this scale uses a seismometer to measure the magnitude of the largest jolt of energy released by an earthquake. Moment magnitude scale. The Richter scale is a scale of numbers used to tell the power (or magnitude) of earthquakes. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935. His scale worked like a seismogram, measured by a particular type of seismometer at a distance of 100 kilometers (62 mi) from the earthquake.The Richter scale is a scale that is used to express the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of the size of seismograph oscillations. It was developed by Charles Richter in 1935. It is also known as Richter magnitude scale. It is used to measure the intensity of the earthquake. A single number is assigned to quantify the amount of seismic ...Earthquake intensity can vary significantly so the logarithm of intensity is used to compare magnitude of differing intensities. Richter scale magnitude is the base ten logarithm of earthquake intensity divided by a standard intensity. The basic equation of magnitude and intensity is: M = log (I/S), where: • M is the magnitude of an earth quake.Earthquake - Magnitude, Intensity, Effects: The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Because the entire range of observed effects is not capable of simple quantitative definition, the strength of the shaking is commonly estimated by reference to intensity scales that describe the effects in qualitative terms. Intensity scales date from the late 19th and ... The scale was developed in the 1970s to succeed the 1930s-era Richter magnitude scale (ML). Even though the formulae are different, the new scale retains the familiar continuum of magnitude values defined by the older one. The MMS is now the scale used to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey.An earthquake has a single magnitude. The shaking that it causes has many values that vary from place to place based on distance, type of surface material, and other factors. See the Intensity section below for more details on shaking intensity measurements. Use the Richter scale r=log 1/i0 to find the intensity of the following earthquakes (let i0=1) a. magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Peru (2015) b. Magnitude 5.5 earthquake in Pakistan c how many times more intense was the earthquake in Peru compared to the one in PakistanIntensity on the Richter scale is log10(I/I0).SHOW ALL WORK An earthquake was recorded with an intensity which was 10,000,000 times more powerful than a reference level earthquake, or 10,000,000 *I 0.A) An earthquake of magnitude 3 on the scale is only slightly bigger than a 2 B) Over a million earthquakes of magnitude 2-2.9 are felt per year C) Magnitude of earthquakes are based on powers of ten D) The Richter and Moment Magnitude scales are used to describe the magnitude of an earthquake E) Great earthquakes can have a magnitude of 8 or ... An earthquake has a single magnitude. The shaking that it causes has many values that vary from place to place based on distance, type of surface material, and other factors. See the Intensity section below for more details on shaking intensity measurements.Earthquake - Magnitude, Intensity, Effects: The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Because the entire range of observed effects is not capable of simple quantitative definition, the strength of the shaking is commonly estimated by reference to intensity scales that describe the effects in qualitative terms. Intensity scales date from the late 19th and ...Magnitude is determined using mathematical formulae and information from seismograms. One such magnitude scale is the Richter scale. This magnitude scale is ...Aug 4, 2020 · In 1828, Egen proposed the “Egen Scale of Intensity” based on the seismic damage that occurred as a result of an earthquake in the Netherlands. This intensity scale was employed to describe a diversity of observations and to evaluate what would ensue in residential areas (Davison, 1927). Built upon the characteristics of different intensity ... Mar 23, 2019 · The Richter scale measures the intensity of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale. The magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale can be defined by M=2/3log(E)-3.2, where E is the energy of the quake in joules. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan measured 9.1 on the Richter scale. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances. Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still Water in containers oscillates slowly. Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects swing slightly. Still Water in containers oscillates noticeably. Felt by many people indoors ...This Richter Scale calculator computes the magnitude of a seismic event such as an earthquake using the Richter Scale method, which expresses magnitude relative to a standard amplitude (S). The input is the intensity of the earthquake typically measured 100 kilometers from the epicenter of the event. The standard amplitude (S) is defined to be ...The history of the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was invented by Charles Richter in 1935. It is a logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. The scale assigns a numerical value to the energy released by an earthquake and is used to communicate the intensity of seismic activity to the public.22 de set. de 2017 ... On the so-called Richter scale, a magnitude 8 on a seismogram was 10 times bigger than a magnitude 7. But the Richter scale was eventually ...Science. Advanced Physics. Advanced Physics questions and answers. On the Richter scale, the magnitude R of an earthquake is given by the formula R = log (I I/0)where I is the intensity of the earthquake being measured and I0 is the standard reference intensity. (a) What is the magnitude of an earthquake that has intensity 10 thousand times ...Mercalli Intensity Scale. Earthquakes are described in terms of what nearby residents felt and the damage that was done to nearby structures. Richter magnitude scale. Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter, this scale uses a seismometer to measure the magnitude of the largest jolt of energy released by an earthquake. Moment magnitude scale. The Richter Magnitude scale is one such scale that you have likely heard of. Figure 6.2. 1: Seismogram. One issue with measuring earthquakes is that as the waves propagate, the energy is spread out over more area. Figure 6.2. 2: Distance from Source. As E A r e a ↓, the amplitude decreases with distance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Monoclines, anticlines, synclines and domes are all examples of _____., The modified Mercalli scale measures earthquake magnitude, based on damage, while the Richter scale measures earthquake intensity, based on energy released., If a vibration of one inch was produced by a Righter magnitude 4 earthquake, then a magnitude 5 ...The Richter scale range measures earthquakes from a magnitude of 1 (smallest) to a magnitude of 10 (largest). The intensity of an earthquake can be measured in fractions as well, for...Magnitude is determined using mathematical formulae and information from seismograms. One such magnitude scale is the Richter scale. This magnitude scale is ...Earthquake - Magnitude, Intensity, Effects: The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Because the entire range of observed effects is not capable of simple quantitative definition, the strength of the shaking is commonly estimated by reference to intensity scales that describe the effects in qualitative terms. Intensity scales date from the late 19th and ...History of the Richter Scale; Richter scale: magnitude and intensity; History of the Richter Scale. The Richter scale was devised and theorized in the year 1935 by American physicist and seismologist Charles Francis Richter; from whom he takes his last name. Specifically, Richter developed his scale thinking about the earthquakes that …12 de fev. de 2023 ... The recent earthquake of Feb 6, 2023, in Turkey and Syria was a 7.8 Richter. The last 7.8 magnitude earthquake recorded in the last 10 years ...The largest earthquake ever recorded had a magnitude of 8.9 on the Richter scale. It is worth noting that earthquakes larger than this magnitude are not likely to occur because rocks are not strong enough to accumulate more energy. A 2 point quake is barely perceptible, a 5 may cause damage to structures, a 7 is severe and an 8 is a violent ...The Richter Scale: Understanding Earthquake Intensity. As someone who lives in an earthquake-prone area, I have always been curious about how scientists measure the …The Mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes.Unlike with the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). When there is …The Richter scale, developed in the 1930s by Charles Richter, is a base-10 logarithmic scale, which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary, minor amplitude. As measured with a seismometer, an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times that of ... Magnitude is the measure of the energy released by an earthquake. The Richter scale (M L ), the first and most well-known magnitude scale, was developed by Charles F. Richter (1900-1985) at the California Institute of Technology. This was the magnitude scale used historically by early seismologists. The MM scale measures intensity of shaking, at any particular location, on the surface. It was developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902. While shaking experienced at the surface is caused by the seismic energy released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves.The Richter Scale is a quantitative measure of the Earthquake magnitude. It is also called the magnitude scale, where the energy released is measured in the range of 1-10. Richter scale is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of Geography in the General Studies Paper-1 syllabus and Science and ...The Richter scale does not have an upper limit. The Richter scale is a logarithmic representation of the amount of energy released by an earthquake, or its magnitude. As of 2014, the earthquake that rated highest in recorded history was a 9...San Francisco earthquake was rated with the Rossi-Forel intensity scale. For description of this scale readers are referred to Richter (1958). Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale (1956 version) The Italian seismologist and volcanologist Mercalli made certain changes in the Rossi-Forel scale in 1902. Cancani and Sieberg made further changes toThe magnitude R, measured on the Richter scale of an earthquake of intensity I is defined as R=logi, where lo is a minimum intensity used for comparison. If the intensity of an earthquake was 10723.!. what was the magnitude on the Richter scale? The magnitude of the earthquake was (Simplify your answer.) Mercalli Intensity Scale. Earthquakes are described in terms of what nearby residents felt and the damage that was done to nearby structures. Richter magnitude scale. Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter, this scale uses a seismometer to measure the magnitude of the largest jolt of energy released by an earthquake. Moment magnitude scale.What do seismometers measure? -The magnitude (strength) of earthquakes- the amount of energy they release. -The duration and direction (horizontal or vertical) of the vibrations. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Characteristics of the Richter Scale, What does the Richter Scale measure?, Why are earthquakes rarely ...Points Awarded 4.00 Points Missed 1.00 Percentage 80.0 % 1. On the Richter scale of earthquake intensity: A) The ground is shaken 6 times more by a magnitude-6 quake than by a magnitude-1 quake. B) The ground is shaken twice as much by a magnitude-4 quake as by a magnitude-2 quake. C) A magnitude-8 quake is impossible; nothing that big can …Science. Advanced Physics. Advanced Physics questions and answers. On the Richter scale, the magnitude R of an earthquake is given by the formula R = log (I I/0)where I is the intensity of the earthquake being measured and I0 is the standard reference intensity. (a) What is the magnitude of an earthquake that has intensity 10 thousand times ...On May 22, 1960, an earthquake in Chile measured 9.5 on the Richter scale. On February 27, 2010, another earthquake in Chile measured 8.8 on the Richter scale. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes. Round to the nearest whole number. The earthquake in 1960 had about times the intensity as the earthquake in 2010.Like the F-Scale, the EF Scale estimates a tornado’s intensity on a scale, from 0 to 5, based on surveyed damage.(4) Photo credit: FEMA, 2007 ... Earthquake Magnitude Scales. The Richter Magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology and was followed later by many …calculus. On the Richter scale, the magnitude R R of an earthquake of intensity l l is. R=\frac {\ln l-\ln l_0} {\ln {10}} R= ln10lnl−lnl0. where l_0 l0 is the minimum intensity used for comparison.Assume that l_0=1. l0 = 1. Find the factor by which the intensity is increased if the Richter scale measurement is doubled.Nov 5, 2021 · Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. Recently, another scale called the moment magnitude scale has been devised for more precise study of great earthquakes. The Richter Scale is not used to express damage. Monitoring Earthquakes. We monitor earthquakes by measuring the seismic waves they generate. Seismic waves are generated when the two sides of a fault rapidly slip past each other. Measuring these waves help us determine the type of earthquake, its origin, and its strength/intensity. Many faults do not break the surface in an earthquake, so ...Richter scale The most widely used system for reporting the intensity of an earthquake, developed by C. F.Richter, and calculated from the amplitude of seismic waves, the period of the dominant wave, and the angular distance from the recording station to the earthquake focus. The scale is logarithmic and ranges from 0 to 10; a tremor with a ...Apr 3, 2014 · This Richter Scale calculator computes the magnitude of a seismic event such as an earthquake using the Richter Scale method, which expresses magnitude relative to a standard amplitude (S). The input is the intensity of the earthquake typically measured 100 kilometers from the epicenter of the event. The standard amplitude (S) is defined to be ... Earthquake magnitude was traditionally measured on the Richter scale. It is often now calculated from seismic moment, which is proportional to the fault area multiplied by the average displacement on the fault. ... The intensity of an earthquake refers to the level of ground-shaking at a given location; Earthquake intensity …The Richter Scale measures earthquakes by using seven different categories: micro, minor, light, moderate, strong, major, and great. Below is a look at each description: Micro earthquakes are measured at between 1 and 1.9. This magnitude would be considered a I on the Mercalli intensity scale. These earthquakes are not noticed by the general ...Question: Suppose that, on the Richter scale, earthquakes of magnitude 5.5 or higher have probability 0.015 of damaging certain types of bridges. Suppose that such intense earthquakes occur at a Poisson rate of 1.5 per ten years. If a bridge of this type is constructed to last at least 60 years, what is the probability that it will be undamaged by …Problem 19: Energy released in an Earthquake (15 points) The Richter scale is a measure of the intensity of an earthquake. The energy E (in Joules) released by the quake is related to the magnitude M on the Richter scale as follows: E = 104.4101.5M Use MATLAB to find how much more energy is released by a magnitude 7.75 quake, than by a 5.3 quake?In particular, for very large earthquakes, moment magnitude gives the most reliable estimate of earthquake size. Moment is a physical quantity proportional to the slip on the fault multiplied by the area of the fault surface that slips; it is related to the total energy released in the earthquake.earthquake magnitude and earthquake intensity: two terms often misunderstood. Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the size of the earthquake reflecting the elastic energy released by the earthquake. It is referred by a certain real number on the Richter scale (e.g., magnitude 6.5 earthquake). OnWhen an earthquake occurs, its magnitude can be given a single numerical value on the Richter Scale. When an earthquake occurs, its intensity is variable over the area affected …On the Richter scale, the magnitude R R of an earthquake is given by the formula. R=\log \frac {I} {I_0} R = log I 0I. where I I is the intensity of the earthquake being measured and I_0 I 0 is the standard reference intensity .a. Express the intensity I I of an earthquake of magnitude R=5 R = 5 in terms of the standard intensity I_0 I 0 .b.12 de fev. de 2023 ... The recent earthquake of Feb 6, 2023, in Turkey and Syria was a 7.8 Richter. The last 7.8 magnitude earthquake recorded in the last 10 years ...On Monday, a low-intensity earthquake measuring 3.4 on the Richter scale rocked J&K. National Centre for Seismology (NCS) data said, "An earthquake measuring 3.4 on the Richter scale occurred at 10.07 pm Monday in J&K." The earthquake's epicentre was 89 km east of Katra in the Reasi district.A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. That's why you can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale — although the released energy, local geology, terrain, depth of an earthquake and distance from the epicenter are all still the same. Thus, the Mercalli scale describes ...The quiet life of the Miyakojima region was abruptly shaken on the 16th, as a seismic event registering a moderate intensity of 4 on the Richter scale took hold. The clock was just approaching 7: ...When an earthquake occurs, its magnitude can be given a single numerical value on the Richter Scale. When an earthquake occurs, its intensity is variable over the area affected by the earthquake, with high intensities near the epicenter and lower values further away. These are allocated a value depending on the effects of the shaking.The Richter Magnitude scale is one such scale that you have likely heard of. Figure 6.2. 1: Seismogram. One issue with measuring earthquakes is that as the waves propagate, the energy is spread out over more area. Figure 6.2. 2: Distance from Source. As E A r e a ↓, the amplitude decreases with distance. In 1935 the American seismologist Charles F. Richter set up a magnitude scale of earthquakes as the logarithm to base 10 of the maximum seismic wave amplitude (in thousandths of a millimetre) recorded on a standard seismograph (the Wood-Anderson torsion pendulum seismograph) at a distance of 100 km (60 miles) from the earthquake epicentre.The local magnitude ML (on the Richter scale) of an earthquake of intensity I is given by ML= log(II0) where I0 is a minimum reference intensity of a “zero-level” earthquake against which the intensities of other earthquakes may be compared. How many times more intense is an earthquake of magnitude 5.8 than an earthquake of magnitude 2.9?t. e. Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake. They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales, which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake, which may, or perhaps may not, cause perceptible shaking. On the Richter scale of earthquake intensity: The ground is shaken 10 times more by a magnitude-8 quake than by a magnitude-7 quake Feedback: One problem in describing earthquakes is that the ground shaking in the smallest one you can feel is 1,000,000,000 times smaller than the ground shaking in the largest quakes. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 is the basis for the U.S. evaluation of seismic intensity. Intensity is different than the magnitude in that it is based on observations of the effects and damage of an earthquake, not on scientific measurements. This means that an earthquake may have different intensities from place to place, but ...he Richter scale magnitude, R, of an earthquake of intensity I is defined as R=log(I/I0),where I0 is a small threshold intensity. Find the magnitude of an earthquake with intensity 50,000,000I0. If the answer is not an integer enter it a a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth if neededhe Richter scale magnitude, R, of an earthquake of intensity I is defined as R=log(I/I0),where I0 is a small threshold intensity. Find the magnitude of an earthquake with intensity 50,000,000I0. If the answer is not an integer enter it a a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth if neededt. e. Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake. They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales, which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake, which may, or perhaps may not, cause perceptible shaking.Intensity on the Richter scale. As with magnitude, if we want to correctly measure the effects of an earthquake in a given geographical location, we must take intensity into account. Since seismology exists, seismologists have tried to establish scales capable of measuring the degree of intensity of earthquakes. This with the aim of responding ...Richter scale measures intensity of earthquake as power of 10.The intensity of the Chilean earthquake( year 1960) was approx 316.23 times greater than the earthquake in Haiti (year 2010). How to measure the greatness of earthquakes from Richter scale's intensities? Suppose that the first measured earthquake was of …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Monoclines, anticlines, synclines and domes are all examples of _____., The modified Mercalli scale measures earthquake magnitude, based on damage, while the Richter scale measures earthquake intensity, based on energy released., If a vibration of one inch was produced by a Righter magnitude 4 earthquake, then a magnitude 5 ...The local magnitude ML (on the Richter scale) of an earthquake of intensity I is given by ML= log(II0) where I0 is a minimum reference intensity of a “zero-level” earthquake against which the intensities of other earthquakes may be compared. How many times more intense is an earthquake of magnitude 5.8 than an earthquake of magnitude 2.9? I=Io(10)^m, where m is the magnitude measured to the nearest tenth on the Richter scale and Io is the reference intensity. In 1906, the San Francisco Bay area ...
Expert Answer. Transcribed image text: On the Richter scale, the magnitude R of an earthquake is given by the formula R = log (I/I_0) where I is the intensity of the earthquake being measured and I_o is the standard reference intensity. (a) Express the intensity I of an earthquake of magnitude R = 6 in terms of the standard intensity I_o.. Rowing machine facebook marketplace
In particular, for very large earthquakes, moment magnitude gives the most reliable estimate of earthquake size. Moment is a physical quantity proportional to the slip on the fault multiplied by the area of the fault surface that slips; it is related to the total energy released in the earthquake.1 day ago · An earthquake of magnitude 4.3 on the Richter Scale, jolted Nepal on Sunday, according to the National Center for Seismology (NCS). This is the second quake that …The magnitude R of an earthquake of intensity I is defined as R=log(I/I 0) where I 0 is a minimum intensity used for comparison. An earthquake has n intensity of 10 6.5 x I 0. What is its magnitude on the richter scale?The Richter scale of earthquake magnitude has values from 0–10. Richter’s method works well for small to moderate earthquakes but loses sensitivity when comparing different earthquakes with large amounts of energy released. Today, the magnitude is estimated based on the rupture energy released.earthquake magnitude and earthquake intensity: two terms often misunderstood. Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the size of the earthquake reflecting the elastic energy released by the earthquake. It is referred by a certain real number on the Richter scale (e.g., magnitude 6.5 earthquake). OnAn earthquake having a magnitude of 5 to 6 on the Richter scale. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: The Mercalli scale rates the intensity of shaking from an earthquake. The ratings vary from I (felt only under especially favourable circumstances) to XII (total destruction). Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale. Mohorovicic discontinuity (the ...The Richter Scale is one method for measuring the intensity of earthquakes. The Richter Magnitude Scale is one method for measuring the intensity of earthquakes. An earthquake's magnitude is the logarithm of the amplitude of waves. The waves are detected by seismographs. Remember, because the Richter Magnitude Scale is logarithmic, each whole number increase in earthquake level means a tenfold ...7 de ago. de 2018 ... An earthquake with the force of 7 Magnitude of the Richter Scale occurred on 5 August 2018 at 18.46 WIB, with the epicentre located inland ...On May 22, 1960, an earthquake in Chile measured 9.5 on the Richter scale. On February 27, 2010, another earthquake in Chile measured 8.8 on the Richter scale. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes. Round to the nearest whole number. The earthquake in 1960 had about times the intensity as the earthquake in 2010.The Richter scale, developed in the 1930s by Charles Richter, is a base-10 logarithmic scale, which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary, minor amplitude. As measured with a seismometer, an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times that of ... Richter scale, widely used quantitative measure of an earthquake’s magnitude (size), devised in 1935 by American seismologists Charles F. Richter and Beno Gutenberg. Magnitude is determined using the logarithm of the amplitude (height) of the largest seismic wave calibrated to a scale by … See moreThe Japanese seismic scale is slightly different from the Richter scale used in the United States and elsewhere in the world. The Japanese scale has maximum intensity of 7 and measures earthquake based on the amount of damage caused. The destructive Kobe earthquake in 1995 measured 6.9 on the Richter scale and 7 on the Japanese scale.6 de jul. de 2015 ... 1 Expert Answer · R = magnitude of the quake on the Richter Scale · I = the quake's intensity = 106.5*I · I0 = minimum intensity quake.Seismic intensity is the shaking you experience during an earthquake. Unlike an earthquake's magnitude, which is a measure of the energy released and is the ...What is the relative intensity of an earthquake that measures 6.4 on the Richter Scale? c. Compare the intensity of an earthquake that registers 7.7 on the Richter scale to one that measures 4.4 Expert Answerwhere \( I_{0}\) is some fixed reference level of intensity. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake had a magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter scale. Suppose that at the same time in South America there was an earthquake with magnitude 4 that caused only minor damage. How many times more intense was the San Francisco earthquake than …As the energy of a wave is proportional to A 1.5, where A denotes the amplitude, each unit of magnitude represents a 10 1.5 ≈32-fold increase in the seismic energy (strength) of an earthquake. Second, Richter arbitrarily defined the zero point of the scale to be where an earthquake at a distance of 100 km makes a maximum horizontal ....